Rogers

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**Carl Rogers** (1902-1987) - Short Article by PB //One of the founders of humanistic psychology.//

His 5 hypotheses of learner-centered education:
 * It's impossible for teachers to "teach"... they can only facilitate.
 * “A person cannot teach another person directly; a person can only facilitate another's learning.”
 * Strong Connection: Montessori ("Teachers follow the lead of the children and observe their actions in order to ascertain their individual developmental needs.")
 * Students only learn what they find relevant.
 * “A person learns significantly only those things that are perceived as being involved in the maintenance of or enhancement of the structure of self.”
 * Strong Connection: Dewey (" Education is most effective when learning and experience are interconnected")
 * Strong Connection: Lave ("Her research showed that "real math" is in social practice, which consists of cultural meaning and value of mathematics.")
 * Medium Connection: Gagne (" Informing Learners of the objective (expectancy)- Explain objectives, and purpose of training ")
 * Medium Connection: Wenger (" Members are seen as practitioners that exchange resources such as experiences, procedures, and tools that may have been acquired individually but can be used to address problems faced by group. ")
 * Weak Connection: Bruner (" Bruner, together with his colleague Leo Postman, did important work on the ways in which needs, motivations, and expectations (or " [|mental sets] ") affect perception. ")
 * Students resist perspective-altering lessons.
 * “Experience which, if assimilated, would involve a change in the organization of self, tends to be resisted through denial or distortion of symbolism.”
 * Strong Connection: Piaget ("Child develops language and uses symbols to represent objects. Child’s thinking is egocentric; he takes information and fits it into his view of the world. No real sense of time.")
 * Medium Connection: Bandura ("Just because something has been learned, it doesn't mean that it will result in a change in behavior - learning occurs without a change in behavior")
 * Medium Connection: Koffka ("Up until that time, it was thought that objects were fixed and (for example) lines that were 3 inches long ALWAYS looked longer than 2 inch lines. Koffka showed that this is not always the case with the famous Ponzo and Muller-Lyer illusions.)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">Students are more open to change when not threatened.
 * “The structure and organization of self appears to become more rigid under threats and to relax its boundaries when completely free from threat.”
 * Medium Connection: Skinner (" The rat quickly began to push the bar again, bringing the behavior back into existence. It was much easier and quicker for the rat to learn the behavior than the first time. “This is because the return of the reinforcer takes place in the context of a reinforcement history that goes all the way back to the very first time the rat was reinforced for pushing on the bar.” )
 * Weak Connection: Weiner "Whatever learners perceive as being the cause of the event will affect their future motivation toward engagement with similar tasks."
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">Teachers should create an environment where they are an enabler for the student's connection to the content.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">“The educational situation which most effectively promotes significant learning is one in which (a) threat to the self of the learner is reduced to a minimum and (b) differentiated perception of the field is facilitated.”
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Strong Connection: Scardamalia (" Knowledge can be built within a community through the interconnected, intentional, and collective efforts of that community's individuals<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">")
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Weak Connection: Bloom ("Bloom believed that through the process of formative classroom assessment, combined with the systematic correction of individual learning difficulties, all students could be provided with a more appropriate quality of instruction than is possible under more traditional approaches to teaching.")
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Weak Connection: Gardner ("People Smart")

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